SRF2023 - Classification: SRF Facilities / Ongoing projects

Paper	Title	Page
MOIAA02	Status of RAON Superconducting Linac at IBS
	Y.S. Chung IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
	RAON is a rare isotope accelerator facility in Korea for basic science research by producing and accelerating Rare Isotope Beams (RIBs). RAON uses both In-Flight (IF) Fragmentation and Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) methods to produce various RIBs, and has a unique feature of combining the ISOL and IF for producing more exotic RIBs. The main driver for the IF system is a superconducting linear accelerator for accelerating heavy-ions, and the driver for the ISOL system is a 70 MeV proton cyclotron. After over 10 years of construction, the low energy superconducting Linac which consists of QWR and HWR cavities are installed and the initial beam commissioning is in progress. In addition, prototyping of the SSR cavities for the high energy section is under way. In this talk, we report on the progress of initial beam commissioning results of low-energy Linac and the development of the SSR cavities for high-energy Linac.
	Slides MOIAA02 [7.131 MB]
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MOIAA03	Progresses in the ESS Superconducting Linac Installation	9
	H. Przybilski ESS, Lund, Sweden
	The ESS Linac is progressing into the technical commissioning phase. The normal conducting linac up to the first 4 tanks of the DTL is being commissioned with beam. All the 13 spoke cryomodules and the 9 elliptical modules (7 MB+2 HB) foreseen for the first operation at 570 MeV on the beam dump in summer 2024 are available in Lund and waiting the completion of the cryogenic distribution system (CDS) commissioning. The test program of all the 30 elliptical cryomodules that will enable the 5 MW potential operation after the target commissioning is progressing well, as well as the installation of the RF power stations necessary up to the 2 MW stage of the first project phase. Pilot installation of one spoke and one elliptical CM in the tunnel is in progress. The talk will cover the status of the component deliveries from the partners, the CM preparation and SRF activities at the ESS test stands, with the resolution of several non-conformities, and the experience of the pilot installations and technical commissioning activities in the accelerator tunnel.
	Slides MOIAA03 [9.000 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIAA03
About •	Received ※ 26 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023
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MOIAA04	Commissioning and First Operation of the LCLS-II Linac
	D. Gonnella SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: US DOE and the LCLS-II project The LCLS-II project installed a new superconducting linac at SLAC to enable free electron laser science at repetition rates up to 1 MHz. The installed 35 1.3 GHz cryomodules will produce a beam with energy of at least 4 GeV. Installation and commissioning of the cryomodules and warm beamline sections is now complete and the results have been excellent. Here we report on these results, primarily the performance of the SRF cavities in the installed linac, demonstrating no loss in performance from the installation compared with cryomodule acceptance testing at Fermilab and Jefferson Lab and achieving the high Q₀ that was developed through nitrogen doping. We also report on the cool down of the integrated cryoplant-linac system which enabled the high Q₀ performance as well as the beam commissioning through the LCLS-II cryomodules for the first time as well as the outlook for the future LCLS-II-HE upgrade.
	Slides MOIAA04 [11.755 MB]
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MOIAA05	Commissioning of the Second JLAB C75 Cryomodule & Performance Evaluation of Installed C75 Cavities	14
	M.D. McCaughan, G. Ciovati, G.K. Davis, M.A. Drury, T. Powers, A.V. Reilly JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177. JLAB has long been a hub of SRF technology with the CEBAF accelerator as one of its first large scale adopters. As SRF technology has advanced, the C50 and C100 programs have allowed for the extension of CEBAF’s total energy to 6 GeV and nearly 12 GeV respectively. Along with the increase in energy reach, rates of accelerating gradient degradation have been extracted for these cryomodule designs. A plan to mitigate these losses & maintain robust gradient headroom to deliver the 12 GeV program ¿ the CEBAF Performance Plan¿ established a multi-year effort of cryomodule refurbishments and replacements. Part of this plan included a cost optimization of the C50 program with more modern processing techniques and the replacement of existing cavities with larger grain boundary cavities produced from ingot Niobium (dubbed C75 for 75 MeV gain). Reports have been made on the prototype pair of C75 cavities installed in a C50 cryomodule and the first full C75 cryomodule installed in 2017 and 2021. This paper reports on the results from the qualification of the cavities for the second C75 module in both a vertical cryostat and the commissioning results of the cryomodule in the CEBAF tunnel.
	Slides MOIAA05 [1.810 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIAA05
About •	Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 27 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2023
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MOIAA06	Status of Cavity and Cryomodule Production for LCLS-II-HE
	M. Checchin Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	The LCLS-II HE project is the energy upgrade to the superconducting LCLS-II linac. It consists in adding twenty-three additional 1.3 GHz cryomodules to the linac, with cavities operating at a gradient of 20.8 MV/m with internal quality factor of 2.7·10¹⁰. Cavity production and cryomodule assembly are currently in full regime. Cavities are being manufactured in industry with a modified doping recipe and surface processing compared to LCLS-II production. This allows to achieve ¿ and exceed ¿ the more demanding specifications of LCLS-II-HE. The cryomodules are assembled and tested at the two partners labs (Fermilab and Jefferson Lab) similarly to LCLS-II and then delivered at SLAC. Test data demonstrate the high performance of the cryomodules currently being assembled: the usable voltage gain per cryomodule is in average 206.8 MV, exceeding specification by 34 MV, and the average Q-factor at 20.8 MV/m is 3·10¹⁰. Based on the current data, we expect to continue delivering high performance cryomodules and move successfully to the installation phase of the project.
	Slides MOIAA06 [9.742 MB]
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MOIXA01	Status of SRF Activities for SHINE
	J.F. Chen SARI-CAS, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
	Funding: Project supported by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2017SHZDZX02) The Shanghai High repetition rate XFEL and Extreme light facility (SHINE) is an ongoing project in China, which needs 610 1.3 GHz ILC type cavities, and also use 16 3.9 GHz third harmonics cavities. We will build 77 superconducting cryomodules used for beam acceleration. In this talk, status, achievements, difficulties encountered and solutions implemented, path forward, and activities related to this project should be presented.
	Slides MOIXA01 [4.055 MB]
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MOIXA02	PIP-II Project Overview and Status	19
	R.P. Stanek, C. Boffo, S.K. Chandrasekaran, S.J. Dixon, E.R. Harms, L. Kokoska, I. Kourbanis, J.R. Leibfritz, O. Napoly, D. Passarelli, E. Pozdeyev, A.M. Rowe Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: Prepared by PIP-II Project using resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, a U.S. DOE facility, managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359. The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) project is an essential upgrade to Fermilab’s particle accelerator complex to enable the world’s most intense neutrino beam for LBNF/DUNE and a broad particle physics program for many decades to come. PIP-II will deliver 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector, upgradeable to multi-MW capability. The central element of PIP-II is an 800 MeV superconducting radio frequency (SRF) linac, which comprises a room temperature front end followed by an SRF section. The SRF section consists of five different flavors of cavities/cryomodules, including Half Wave Resonators (HWR), Single Spoke and elliptical resonators operating at, or above, state-of-the-art parameters. The first two PIP-II cryomodules, Half Wave Resonator (HWR) and Single Spoke Resonator 1 (SSR1) were installed in the PIP-II Injector Test facility (PIP2IT) and have accelerated beam to above 17 MeV. PIP-II is the first U.S. accelerator project that will be constructed with significant contributions from international partners, including India, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Poland. The project was baselined in April 2022, and the construction phase is underway.
	Slides MOIXA02 [3.353 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIXA02
About •	Received ※ 07 June 2023 — Revised ※ 22 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023
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MOIXA03	Proton Power Upgrade Project Progress and Plans at the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge Tennessee	25
	J.D. Mammosser, M.J. Dayton, D.D. Kraft, R. Maekawa, L. Pinion, B.E. Robertson ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA R. Afanador, D.L. Barnhart, M.S. Champion, B. DeGraff, M. Doleans, J. Galambos, S.W. Gold, M.N. Greenwood, G.A. Hine, M.P. Howell, S.-H. Kim, C.J. McMahan, P. Pizzol, S.E. Stewart, D.J. Vandygriff, D.M. Vandygriff ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA A. Bitter, K.B. Bolz, A. Navitski, L. Zweibäumer RI Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany E.F. Daly, G.K. Davis, P. Dhakal, J.F. Fischer, D. Forehand, N.A. Huque, K.M. Wilson JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: Work Supported by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 The Proton Power Upgrade project is well underway at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This project aims at increasing the proton beam power capability from 1.4 to 2.8 MW, by adding linac energy, increasing the beam current and implementing target developments to handle the increased beam power. This talk will cover the current status of increasing the beam energy, issues encountered along the way, operational experience with the new SRF cryomodules and target improvements and results from operation with beam so far.
	Slides MOIXA03 [3.327 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIXA03
About •	Received ※ 09 June 2023 — Revised ※ 25 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2023
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MOIXA05	Operating Experience of SRF System at High Beam Current in SuperKEKB	38
	M. Nishiwaki, K. Akai, T. Furuya, S. Mitsunobu, Y. Morita, T. Okada KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	SuperKEKB aims for high luminosity on the order of 10³⁵ cm^-2s^-1 with beam currents of 2.6 A for electron and 3.6 A for positron to search new physics beyond the Standard Model in the B meson regime. In recent operations, we achieved a new record of luminosity of 4.65×10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1 with 1.1 A for electron and 1.3 A for positron. The SRF system that was designed for KEKB, the predecessor of SuperKEKB, is operating stably with the high beam currents owing to the measures against the large beam powers and the large higher-order-mode (HOM) powers. As a measure against the large beam powers, our SRF cavities have increased a coupling of high-power input couplers during the KEKB operation. As a measure against the large HOM power, newly developed SiC HOM dampers have been installed in the SuperKEKB ring. In addition, we have established the horizontal high-pressure rinse method to recover the cavity performance that has degraded due to vacuum works and accidents in the long-term operation. In this report, we will present our operation experience of SRF system under the high beam currents.
	Slides MOIXA05 [3.450 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIXA05
About •	Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 21 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 July 2023
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MOPMB049	Plasma Processing: Ignition Testing and Simulation Models for a 172 MHz HWR Cavity	219
SUSPB019	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	M.E. McIntyre, B.R. Blomberg, M.P. Kelly, J.T. McLain, K.M. Villafania, G.P. Zinkann ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA Z. Wei GIT, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
	Maintenance and cleaning of superconducting RF cavities is labor intensive task that involves disassembling the cryostat holding the resonators and removing them to be cleaned. At the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerating System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Laboratory, a project is underway to research cleaning the cavities in-situ by plasma processing. Previous plasma processing research by SNS, MSU, FNAL, and IJCLab has been successful in improving field emissions post processing. It is advantageous to pursue research in this method, allowing for possible use on modern ATLAS cryomodules, A-tank and G-tank quarter-wave resonators. The results presented show initial plasma ignition testing and plasma simulations for the coupled E and B fields, both done on a 172 MHz HWR cavity previously designed as early R&D for FRIB. Future plans are also included, laying out next steps to test plasma processing on the same HWR cavity and eventually a QWR.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB049
About •	Received ※ 05 July 2023 — Revised ※ 25 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 24 September 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 September 2023
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MOPMB055	CEA Contribution to the PIP-II Linear Accelerator	234
	N. Bazin, S. Berry, J. Drant, M. Fontaine, P. Garin, H. Jenhani, A. Raut, P. Sahuquet, C. Simon CEA-DRF-IRFU, France J. Belorgey, Q. Bertrand, P. Brédy, E. Cenni, C. Cloué, R. Cubizolles, S. Ladegaillerie, A. Le Baut, A. Moreau, O. Piquet, J. Plouin CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018 and will deliver 10 low-beta cryomodules as In-Kind Contributions to the PIP-II project, with cavities supplied by LASA-INFN (Italy) and VECC-DAE (India), and power couplers and tuning systems supplied by Fermilab. An important milestone was reached in March 2023 with the Final Design Review of the cryomodule, launching the pre-production phase. This paper presents the status CEA activities on the design, manufacturing, assembly and tests of the cryomodules and the upgrade of the existing infrastructures to the PIP-II requirements.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB055
About •	Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 26 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2023
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MOPMB056	Saraf-Phase II: Test of the SRF Cavities with the First Cryomodule	238
	G. Ferrand, S. Berry, D. Darde, G. Desmarchelier, F. Hassane, T.J. Joannem, S. Monnereau, N. Pichoff, O. Piquet, Th. Plaisant CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	CEA is committed to delivering a Medium Energy Beam Transfer line and a superconducting linac (SCL) for SARAF accelerator in order to accelerate 5 mA beam of either protons from 1.3 MeV to 35 MeV or deuterons from 2.6 MeV to 40 MeV. The SCL consists in four cryomodules. The first cryomodule hosts 6 half-wave resonator (HWR) low beta cavities (β = 0.09) at 176 MHz. The low-beta cavities were qualified in 2021, as well as the power couplers and frequency tuners. The Low-Level RF (LLRF) system was qualified in 2022 with a dedicated test stand. This contribution will present the results of the RF tests of the first SARAF cryomodule at Saclay.
	Poster MOPMB056 [1.437 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB056
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 July 2023
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MOPMB057	Implementation of the Test Bench for the PIP-II LB650 Cryomodules at CEA	243
	H. Jenhani, N. Bazin, Q. Bertrand, P. Brédy, L. Maurice, O. Piquet, P. Sahuquet, C. Simon CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
	The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. As a part of the French In-Kind Contributions to this project, CEA will provide ten 650 MHz low-beta cryomodules (LB650) equipped with LASA-INFN (Italy) and VECC-DAE (India) cavities and Fermilab power couplers and RF tuning systems. CEA is accordingly in charge of the design, manufacturing, assembly and testing of these cryomodules. This paper presents the future implementation of the test stand dedicated to the cryogenic and RF power testing of the LB650 cryomodules. The choice of the equipment and the current status will be detailed, as well.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB057
About •	Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023
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MOPMB058	Summary of the Superconducting Rf Measurements in AMTF Hall at DESY	248
	M. Wiencek, K. Kasprzak, D. Kostin, D. Reschke, L. Steder DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The AMTF (Accelerator Module Test Facility) in DESY was built for the tests of all superconducting cavities and cryomodules for the EuXFEL linac. After successful commissioning of the EuXFEL, the AMTF has been adapted in order to perform SRF (super conducting radio frequency) measurements of cavities and accelerating modules for different projects. Several SRF cavities related projects are still ongoing, while other were just finished. Some of those projects are dedicated to test components for the infrastructure of accelerators which are under construction, while the other ones are devoted to new R&D paths aiming for cavities and modules with high performance which are under investigation at DESY. This paper describes present activities performed at AMTF with special emphasis on performing SRF measurements for the ongoing cavities production. Most of the presented data is related to vertical cryostat cavity testing. However, some data about cryomodules and a new coupler test stand will be shown as well. Detailed statistics about the number of vertical tests performed within the last two years are also presented.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB058
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2023
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MOPMB063	Multipacting Processing in Cryomodules for LCLS-II and LCLS-II-HE	259
	A.T. Cravatta, T.T. Arkan, D. Bafia, J.A. Kaluzny, S. Posen Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, D. Gonnella, J. Hogan, J.T. Maniscalco, J. Nelson, R.D. Porter, L.M. Zacarias SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA M.A. Drury, H. Vennekate JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. Multipacting (MP) is a phenomenon which can affect stability in particle accelerators and limit performance in superconducting radio frequency cavities. In the TESLA shaped, 1.3 GHz, 9-cell cavities used in the LCLS-II (L2) and LCLS-II-HE (HE) projects, the MP-band (~17-24 MV/m) lies within the required accelerating gradients. For HE, the operating gradient of 20.8 MV/m lies well within the MP-band and cryomodule testing has confirmed that this is an issue. As such, MP processing for the HE cryomodule test program will be discussed. Early results on MP processing in cryomodules installed in the L2 linac will also be presented, demonstrating that the methods used in cryomodule acceptance testing are also successful at conditioning MP in the accelerator and that this processing is preserved in the mid-term.
	Poster MOPMB063 [1.066 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB063
About •	Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 27 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2023
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MOPMB065	Design Status of BCC Cryomodule for LCLS-II HE	263
	C.S. Narug, T.T. Arkan, S. Cheban, M. Chen, B.D. Hartsell, J.A. Kaluzny, V.S. Kashikhin, Y.M. Orlov Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. A Buncher or Capture Cavity (BCC) Cryomodule is currently in development at Fermilab for use in a second injector for LCLS-II-HE. The BCC Cryomodule is designed to contain one 1.3 GHz cavity and one solenoid magnet as part of a 100MeV low emittance injector. The design considerations for the Cryomodule are similar to the LCLS-II cryomodule with additional requirements to account for additional vacuum loading at the end of this vessel due to the termination of the insulating vacuum. To accomplish this design, the cryomodule is being developed using the experience gained during the development of the LCLS-II cryomodule. The design, analysis, and status of the Cryomodule will be discussed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB065
About •	Received ※ 18 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023
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MOPMB067	Design of a Cathode Insertion and Transfer System for LCLS-II-HE SRF Gun	267
	R. Xiang, A. Arnold, S. Gatzmaga, A. Hoffmann, P. Murcek, R. Steinbrück, J. Teichert HZDR, Dresden, Germany C. Adolphsen, J. Smedley SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, T.K. Konomi, S.J. Miller, L. Popielarski, K. Saito, T. Xu FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA M.P. Kelly, T.B. Petersen ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA J.W. Lewellen LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
	Funding: Work supported by cooperation project between MSU and HZDR RC113062 from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-AC02-76SF00515. Superconducting radio frequency photo injectors (SRF gun) offer advantages for operating in continuous wave (CW) mode and generating high-brightness and high-current beams. A new SRF gun is designed as a low emittance photo injector for LCLS-II-HE and a prototype gun is currently being developed under collaboration between SLAC, FRIB, HZDR and ANL. The aim is to demonstrate stable CW operation at a cathode gradient of 30 MV/m. One of the crucial component for successful SRF gun operation is the photocathode system. The new SRF gun will adopt the HZDR-type cathode, which includes a cathode holder fixture (cathode stalk) developed by FRIB and a sophisticated cathode exchange system designed by HZDR. This innovative cathode insertion system ensures accurate, particle-free and warm cathode exchanges. A novel alignment process targets the cathode to the stalk axis without touching cathode plug itself. To commission the prototype gun, metallic cathodes will be used. A specifically designed vacuum system ensures vacuum pressure of 10^-9 mbar for transport of a single cathode from the cleanroom to the gun. Thus maintaining cathode quality.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB067
About •	Received ※ 18 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 July 2023
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MOPMB068	Loading Test of Hom Dampers for Superconducting Cavities for High Current at Superkekb	271
	T. Okada, K. Akai, T. Furuya, S. Mitsunobu, Y. Morita, M. Nishiwaki KEK, Ibaraki, Japan
	SuperKEKB is an e⁻e⁺ collider, which is an upgraded accelerator of KEKB with the aim to increase the luminosity by more than one order. The superconducting cavities are used in the electron ring. The superconducting cavities were designed as a HOM-damped structure for KEKB and were operated up to 1.4 A in KEKB. However, the design storage current of the electron ring for SuperKEKB is 2.6 A, which is about twice the achievement current of KEKB. The HOM power is estimated to increase from 16 kW, which is the performance value in KEKB, to over 35 kW. This large load is unacceptable for the ferrite HOM dampers mounted on both sides of the cavity. As a countermeasure, duct type SiC HOM dampers are inserted between the cavities. The HOM damper load tests were performed during normal beam operation with a maximum current of 1.1 A. The load on the downstream ferrite HOM damper decreased due to the HOM power absorbed by the upstream SiC damper. In addition, the load was found to be dependent on the beam filling pattern. We will present the results and discussion of beam tests on the loading of HOM dampers and the dependence on the beam filling pattern in SuperKEKB.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB068
About •	Received ※ 18 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2023
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MOPMB070	Development of a Non-Intrusive Leak Detection Method for SRF Linacs	275
	P. Pizzol, R.L. Geng ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA R. Afanador, J.D. Mammosser, V.S. Morozov, D.M. Vandygriff ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	The SNS accelerator has been vital in delivering high-impact research for the world scientific community since 2006, with an availability of 99%. This high availability rate is crucial to the success of the facility, and after 16 years of operations, the aging of the components could start to impact this parameter. To mitigate this, condi-tion-based maintenance can be applied to areas of the LINAC to reduce or nullify the possibility of unwanted events that may damage the accelerator functionality. In this work, we describe the development of a non-intrusive leak detection methodology that verifies the health condition of the cryomodule isolation gate valve seals. In case of a sudden vacuum leak in a warm section between the cryomodules, these valves act as a final line of defense to protect the SRF cavities from atmosphere gases contamination, hence knowing their sealing integ-rity condition is paramount. Data taken from the ma-chine during different maintenance periods will be pre-sented, together with the analysis done, to verify the robustness of the numerical method vs. the experimental findings.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB070
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 27 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2023
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MOPMB072	LCLS-II-HE Cavity Qualification Testing	279
	J.T. Maniscalco, S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, D. Gonnella, J. Hogan, R.D. Porter SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA T.T. Arkan, D. Bafia, A.T. Cravatta, J.A. Kaluzny, S. Posen Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA M.E. Bevins, A.J. Grabowski, C.E. Reece, H. Vennekate JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
	Acceptance testing of the LCLS-II-HE production cavities is approximately 65% complete. In this report, we present details of the test results, including summaries of the quench fields, intrinsic quality factors, and experience with field emission. We also offer an outlook on the remaining tests to be performed.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB072
About •	Received ※ 20 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2023
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MOPMB074	Cryomodule Storage for LCLS-II HE	282
	D.A. White, M. Checchin, D. Gonnella, J. Hogan, J.T. Maniscalco, R.D. Porter SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
	Funding: U.S. Department of Energy The Linac Coherent Light Source-II High Energy (LCLS-II HE) project will upgrade the superconducting LCLS-II with 23 additional cryomodules, increasing the beam energy from 4 GeV to 8 GeV. Due to the user schedule of the existing linac, Cryomodules arriving at SLAC cannot immediately be installed in the linac. They are scheduled to be stored for up to three years before the 12-month installation window. During this storage period, the risk of damage to Cryomodules prior to installation will be mitigated with procedures and best practices incorporating experience from LCLS-II.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB074
About •	Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023
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MOPMB075	Provision of High Beta Cavities for European Spallation Source by UKRI-STFC Daresbury Laboratory	286
	A.E. Wheelhouse, A.E.T. Akintola, A.J. Blackett-May, M.J. Ellis, S. Hitchen, P.C. Hornickel, C.R. Jenkins, P.A. McIntosh, K.J. Middleman, S.M. Pattalwar, M.D. Pendleton, J.O.W. Poynton, I.M. Skachko, P.A. Smith, S. Wilde STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom M. Lowe, D.A. Mason, G. Miller, J. Mutch, A. Oates, N. Templeton, J.T.G. Wilson STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom D. Reschke, L. Steder, M. Wiencek DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	As part of the requirement for the European Spallation Source (ESS) facility in Lund, Sweden, a project has been undertaken by Accelerator Science and Technology Cen-tre (ASTeC) as part of a UK In Kind Contribution to pro-vide 84 704 MHz High-Beta superconducting RF cavities. The project has included the procurement of niobium and the testing of cavities at Daresbury Laboratory and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), in prepara-tion for integration into the cryomodules which is being performed at Commissariat à l¿Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, France. To date all the cavities have been manufactured in industry apart from the final cavity and 3 cavities remain to be tested. An overview of the experiences for the provision of these cavities is described.
	Poster MOPMB075 [1.428 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB075
About •	Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2023
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MOPMB078	Design and Prototyping of the Electron Ion Collider Electron Storage Ring SRF Cavity	293
	J. Guo, E.F. Daly, E. Drachuk, R.R. Fernandes, J. Henry, J. Matalevich, G.-T. Park, R.A. Rimmer, D. Savransky JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA D. Holmes, K.S. Smith, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman BNL, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177 Among the EIC¿s numerous RF subsystems, the electron storage ring¿s (ESR) 591 MHz fundamental RF system is one of the most challenging. Each cavity in the system will handle up to 2.5 A of beam current and supply up to 600 kW beam power under a wide range of voltage. The EIC R&D plan includes the design, fabrication and testing of such a cavity. In this paper, we will report the latest status and findings of the ongoing design and prototyping of this cavity, including the RF and mechanical/thermal design, fabrication design, and the progress of fabrication.
	Poster MOPMB078 [1.489 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB078
About •	Received ※ 12 June 2023 — Revised ※ 26 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 July 2023
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MOPMB080	Dedicate SRF Cryomodule Test Facilities for S3FEL	298
	H. Li, C.F. He Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China X.L. Wang, W.M. Yue, W.Q. Zhang IASF, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
	Shenzhen Superconducting Soft-X-Ray Free Electron Laser (S3FEL) has been proposed to build a continuous wave (CW) superconducting linear accelerator and produce FEL in the soft X-ray wavelength region. The proposed S3FEL LINAC consists of twenty-eight SRF cryomodules to accelerate beam energy up to 2.5 GeV. Prior to the cryomodules installed in the tunnel, SRF cavities and cryomodules will be conditioned and tested at a delicate SRF Cryomodule Test Facility (SMTF).The SMTF for S3FEL is currently under design which equipped with two vertical cryostats and three horizontal test benches. R&D work for the SMTF and its corresponding cryomodule assembly procedure is now on going. This paper describes the full set of layout design and implementation of the SMTF for S3FEL project as well as its latest status.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB080
About •	Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 24 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2023
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TUIAA02	The FLASH 2020+ Upgrade Project	354
	M. Vogt, E. Ferrari, C. Gerth, K. Honkavaara, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, L. Schaper, S. Schreiber, J. Zemella DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	FLASH, the Soft X-Ray and Extreme-UV Free Electron Laser at DESY, is undergoing a substantial upgrade and refurbishment project, called FLASH2020+. The project will finally enable external seeded and SASE FEL operation for a wavelength range down to 4 nm with the EEHG method. A key ingredient of the upgrade was replacing two early TTF-type L-band RF cryo accelerator modules by modern, high-gradient XFEL-type ones. The beam energy range of the injector has been increased by 100 MeV. This was achieved in the first of two long shutdowns from November 2021 to August 2022. The energy increase together with an afterburner APPLE III type undulator for variable circular polarization in the FLASH2 beamline will make it possible to reach the oxygen K-edge (530 eV). This talk will report on the project and the first shutdown with emphasis on the upgraded modules.
	Slides TUIAA02 [15.921 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-TUIAA02
About •	Received ※ 21 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2023
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TUCAA02	EIC Project Overview and Related SRF Technologies
	E.F. Daly, J. Guo, R.A. Rimmer JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA Z.A. Conway, D. Holmes, Q. Wu, B.P. Xiao, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman BNL, Upton, New York, USA S.U. De Silva, J.R. Delayen ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA K.S. Smith Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA
	Funding: This is authored by Jefferson Science Associate, LLC under U. S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177. The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), with a range of center-of-mass energies from 20 to 140 GeV, will enable experimental nuclear physics in the gluon-dominated regime with luminosity up to 10³⁴ cm² per second. The project chose to employ SRF technology for several accelerating and crab cavity geometries used throughout the accelerator complex to achieve the EIC¿s energy and luminosity goals. This presentation will review the current status of the EIC, the SRF technology used in the accelerator complex and current status of SRF R&D. The discussion will share EIC’s fundamental high-power coupler design & performance, high-power HOM power handling hardware, SRF elliptical and crab cavity designs and recent experimental results.
	Slides TUCAA02 [3.784 MB]
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THCAA02	Commissioning of the UHH Quadrupole Resonator at DESY	952
SUSPB045	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
WEPWB074	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	R. Monroy-Villa, W. Hillert, M. Wenskat University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany A. Gössel, D. Reschke, M. Röhling, M. Schmökel, J.H. Thie, M. Wiencek DESY, Hamburg, Germany C. Martens University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
	Funding: This work was supported by the BMBF under the research grants 05H18GURB1, 05K19GUB and 05H2021. Pushing the limits of the accelerating field or quality factor of SRF cavities beyond pure Nb requires the implementation of specific inner surface treatments, which are yet to be studied and optimized. One of the fundamental challenges in exploring alternative materials is that only samples or cavity cuts can be fully characterized from a material point of view. On the other hand, complete cavities allow for the SRF characterization of the inner surface, while samples can usually only be analyzed using DC methods. To address this problem, a test resonator for samples, called "Quadrupole Resonator", was designed and operated at CERN and later at HZB. It allows for a full RF characterization of samples at frequencies of 0.42 GHz, 0.86 GHz, and 1.3 GHz, within a temperature range of 2-20 K and at magnetic fields up to 120 mT. This work presents the design process, which incorporated improvements motivated by mechanical and RF studies and experience, and the results from both warm and cold commissioning are discussed. More important, the results for the RF tests of a Nb sample after undergoing a series of heat treatments and an outlook of the further usage of the QPR is presented.
	Slides THCAA02 [6.677 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-THCAA02
About •	Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 29 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 19 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 August 2023
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Paper

Title

Page

MOIAA02

Status of RAON Superconducting Linac at IBS

Y.S. Chung
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

RAON is a rare isotope accelerator facility in Korea for basic science research by producing and accelerating Rare Isotope Beams (RIBs). RAON uses both In-Flight (IF) Fragmentation and Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) methods to produce various RIBs, and has a unique feature of combining the ISOL and IF for producing more exotic RIBs. The main driver for the IF system is a superconducting linear accelerator for accelerating heavy-ions, and the driver for the ISOL system is a 70 MeV proton cyclotron. After over 10 years of construction, the low energy superconducting Linac which consists of QWR and HWR cavities are installed and the initial beam commissioning is in progress. In addition, prototyping of the SSR cavities for the high energy section is under way. In this talk, we report on the progress of initial beam commissioning results of low-energy Linac and the development of the SSR cavities for high-energy Linac.

Slides MOIAA02 [7.131 MB]

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MOIAA03

Progresses in the ESS Superconducting Linac Installation

9

H. Przybilski
ESS, Lund, Sweden

The ESS Linac is progressing into the technical commissioning phase. The normal conducting linac up to the first 4 tanks of the DTL is being commissioned with beam. All the 13 spoke cryomodules and the 9 elliptical modules (7 MB+2 HB) foreseen for the first operation at 570 MeV on the beam dump in summer 2024 are available in Lund and waiting the completion of the cryogenic distribution system (CDS) commissioning. The test program of all the 30 elliptical cryomodules that will enable the 5 MW potential operation after the target commissioning is progressing well, as well as the installation of the RF power stations necessary up to the 2 MW stage of the first project phase. Pilot installation of one spoke and one elliptical CM in the tunnel is in progress. The talk will cover the status of the component deliveries from the partners, the CM preparation and SRF activities at the ESS test stands, with the resolution of several non-conformities, and the experience of the pilot installations and technical commissioning activities in the accelerator tunnel.

Slides MOIAA03 [9.000 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIAA03

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Received ※ 26 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023

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MOIAA04

Commissioning and First Operation of the LCLS-II Linac

D. Gonnella
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: US DOE and the LCLS-II project
The LCLS-II project installed a new superconducting linac at SLAC to enable free electron laser science at repetition rates up to 1 MHz. The installed 35 1.3 GHz cryomodules will produce a beam with energy of at least 4 GeV. Installation and commissioning of the cryomodules and warm beamline sections is now complete and the results have been excellent. Here we report on these results, primarily the performance of the SRF cavities in the installed linac, demonstrating no loss in performance from the installation compared with cryomodule acceptance testing at Fermilab and Jefferson Lab and achieving the high Q₀ that was developed through nitrogen doping. We also report on the cool down of the integrated cryoplant-linac system which enabled the high Q₀ performance as well as the beam commissioning through the LCLS-II cryomodules for the first time as well as the outlook for the future LCLS-II-HE upgrade.

Slides MOIAA04 [11.755 MB]

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MOIAA05

Commissioning of the Second JLAB C75 Cryomodule & Performance Evaluation of Installed C75 Cavities

14

M.D. McCaughan, G. Ciovati, G.K. Davis, M.A. Drury, T. Powers, A.V. Reilly
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177.
JLAB has long been a hub of SRF technology with the CEBAF accelerator as one of its first large scale adopters. As SRF technology has advanced, the C50 and C100 programs have allowed for the extension of CEBAF’s total energy to 6 GeV and nearly 12 GeV respectively. Along with the increase in energy reach, rates of accelerating gradient degradation have been extracted for these cryomodule designs. A plan to mitigate these losses & maintain robust gradient headroom to deliver the 12 GeV program ¿ the CEBAF Performance Plan¿ established a multi-year effort of cryomodule refurbishments and replacements. Part of this plan included a cost optimization of the C50 program with more modern processing techniques and the replacement of existing cavities with larger grain boundary cavities produced from ingot Niobium (dubbed C75 for 75 MeV gain). Reports have been made on the prototype pair of C75 cavities installed in a C50 cryomodule and the first full C75 cryomodule installed in 2017 and 2021. This paper reports on the results from the qualification of the cavities for the second C75 module in both a vertical cryostat and the commissioning results of the cryomodule in the CEBAF tunnel.

Slides MOIAA05 [1.810 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIAA05

About •

Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 27 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2023

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MOIAA06

Status of Cavity and Cryomodule Production for LCLS-II-HE

M. Checchin
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

The LCLS-II HE project is the energy upgrade to the superconducting LCLS-II linac. It consists in adding twenty-three additional 1.3 GHz cryomodules to the linac, with cavities operating at a gradient of 20.8 MV/m with internal quality factor of 2.7·10¹⁰. Cavity production and cryomodule assembly are currently in full regime. Cavities are being manufactured in industry with a modified doping recipe and surface processing compared to LCLS-II production. This allows to achieve ¿ and exceed ¿ the more demanding specifications of LCLS-II-HE. The cryomodules are assembled and tested at the two partners labs (Fermilab and Jefferson Lab) similarly to LCLS-II and then delivered at SLAC. Test data demonstrate the high performance of the cryomodules currently being assembled: the usable voltage gain per cryomodule is in average 206.8 MV, exceeding specification by 34 MV, and the average Q-factor at 20.8 MV/m is 3·10¹⁰. Based on the current data, we expect to continue delivering high performance cryomodules and move successfully to the installation phase of the project.

Slides MOIAA06 [9.742 MB]

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MOIXA01

Status of SRF Activities for SHINE

J.F. Chen
SARI-CAS, Pudong, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Funding: Project supported by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2017SHZDZX02)
The Shanghai High repetition rate XFEL and Extreme light facility (SHINE) is an ongoing project in China, which needs 610 1.3 GHz ILC type cavities, and also use 16 3.9 GHz third harmonics cavities. We will build 77 superconducting cryomodules used for beam acceleration. In this talk, status, achievements, difficulties encountered and solutions implemented, path forward, and activities related to this project should be presented.

Slides MOIXA01 [4.055 MB]

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MOIXA02

PIP-II Project Overview and Status

19

R.P. Stanek, C. Boffo, S.K. Chandrasekaran, S.J. Dixon, E.R. Harms, L. Kokoska, I. Kourbanis, J.R. Leibfritz, O. Napoly, D. Passarelli, E. Pozdeyev, A.M. Rowe
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: Prepared by PIP-II Project using resources of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, a U.S. DOE facility, managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, acting under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359.
The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) project is an essential upgrade to Fermilab’s particle accelerator complex to enable the world’s most intense neutrino beam for LBNF/DUNE and a broad particle physics program for many decades to come. PIP-II will deliver 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector, upgradeable to multi-MW capability. The central element of PIP-II is an 800 MeV superconducting radio frequency (SRF) linac, which comprises a room temperature front end followed by an SRF section. The SRF section consists of five different flavors of cavities/cryomodules, including Half Wave Resonators (HWR), Single Spoke and elliptical resonators operating at, or above, state-of-the-art parameters. The first two PIP-II cryomodules, Half Wave Resonator (HWR) and Single Spoke Resonator 1 (SSR1) were installed in the PIP-II Injector Test facility (PIP2IT) and have accelerated beam to above 17 MeV. PIP-II is the first U.S. accelerator project that will be constructed with significant contributions from international partners, including India, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Poland. The project was baselined in April 2022, and the construction phase is underway.

Slides MOIXA02 [3.353 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIXA02

About •

Received ※ 07 June 2023 — Revised ※ 22 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 16 July 2023

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MOIXA03

Proton Power Upgrade Project Progress and Plans at the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge Tennessee

25

J.D. Mammosser, M.J. Dayton, D.D. Kraft, R. Maekawa, L. Pinion, B.E. Robertson
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
R. Afanador, D.L. Barnhart, M.S. Champion, B. DeGraff, M. Doleans, J. Galambos, S.W. Gold, M.N. Greenwood, G.A. Hine, M.P. Howell, S.-H. Kim, C.J. McMahan, P. Pizzol, S.E. Stewart, D.J. Vandygriff, D.M. Vandygriff
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
A. Bitter, K.B. Bolz, A. Navitski, L. Zweibäumer
RI Research Instruments GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
E.F. Daly, G.K. Davis, P. Dhakal, J.F. Fischer, D. Forehand, N.A. Huque, K.M. Wilson
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: Work Supported by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725
The Proton Power Upgrade project is well underway at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This project aims at increasing the proton beam power capability from 1.4 to 2.8 MW, by adding linac energy, increasing the beam current and implementing target developments to handle the increased beam power. This talk will cover the current status of increasing the beam energy, issues encountered along the way, operational experience with the new SRF cryomodules and target improvements and results from operation with beam so far.

Slides MOIXA03 [3.327 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIXA03

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Received ※ 09 June 2023 — Revised ※ 25 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 29 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2023

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MOIXA05

Operating Experience of SRF System at High Beam Current in SuperKEKB

38

M. Nishiwaki, K. Akai, T. Furuya, S. Mitsunobu, Y. Morita, T. Okada
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

SuperKEKB aims for high luminosity on the order of 10³⁵ cm^-2s^-1 with beam currents of 2.6 A for electron and 3.6 A for positron to search new physics beyond the Standard Model in the B meson regime. In recent operations, we achieved a new record of luminosity of 4.65×10³⁴ cm^-2s^-1 with 1.1 A for electron and 1.3 A for positron. The SRF system that was designed for KEKB, the predecessor of SuperKEKB, is operating stably with the high beam currents owing to the measures against the large beam powers and the large higher-order-mode (HOM) powers. As a measure against the large beam powers, our SRF cavities have increased a coupling of high-power input couplers during the KEKB operation. As a measure against the large HOM power, newly developed SiC HOM dampers have been installed in the SuperKEKB ring. In addition, we have established the horizontal high-pressure rinse method to recover the cavity performance that has degraded due to vacuum works and accidents in the long-term operation. In this report, we will present our operation experience of SRF system under the high beam currents.

Slides MOIXA05 [3.450 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOIXA05

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Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 21 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 20 July 2023

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MOPMB049

Plasma Processing: Ignition Testing and Simulation Models for a 172 MHz HWR Cavity

219

SUSPB019

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

M.E. McIntyre, B.R. Blomberg, M.P. Kelly, J.T. McLain, K.M. Villafania, G.P. Zinkann
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
Z. Wei
GIT, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Maintenance and cleaning of superconducting RF cavities is labor intensive task that involves disassembling the cryostat holding the resonators and removing them to be cleaned. At the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerating System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Laboratory, a project is underway to research cleaning the cavities in-situ by plasma processing. Previous plasma processing research by SNS, MSU, FNAL, and IJCLab has been successful in improving field emissions post processing. It is advantageous to pursue research in this method, allowing for possible use on modern ATLAS cryomodules, A-tank and G-tank quarter-wave resonators. The results presented show initial plasma ignition testing and plasma simulations for the coupled E and B fields, both done on a 172 MHz HWR cavity previously designed as early R&D for FRIB. Future plans are also included, laying out next steps to test plasma processing on the same HWR cavity and eventually a QWR.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB049

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Received ※ 05 July 2023 — Revised ※ 25 July 2023 — Accepted ※ 24 September 2023 — Issue date ※ 24 September 2023

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MOPMB055

CEA Contribution to the PIP-II Linear Accelerator

234

N. Bazin, S. Berry, J. Drant, M. Fontaine, P. Garin, H. Jenhani, A. Raut, P. Sahuquet, C. Simon
CEA-DRF-IRFU, France
J. Belorgey, Q. Bertrand, P. Brédy, E. Cenni, C. Cloué, R. Cubizolles, S. Ladegaillerie, A. Le Baut, A. Moreau, O. Piquet, J. Plouin
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018 and will deliver 10 low-beta cryomodules as In-Kind Contributions to the PIP-II project, with cavities supplied by LASA-INFN (Italy) and VECC-DAE (India), and power couplers and tuning systems supplied by Fermilab. An important milestone was reached in March 2023 with the Final Design Review of the cryomodule, launching the pre-production phase. This paper presents the status CEA activities on the design, manufacturing, assembly and tests of the cryomodules and the upgrade of the existing infrastructures to the PIP-II requirements.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB055

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Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 26 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 03 July 2023

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MOPMB056

Saraf-Phase II: Test of the SRF Cavities with the First Cryomodule

238

G. Ferrand, S. Berry, D. Darde, G. Desmarchelier, F. Hassane, T.J. Joannem, S. Monnereau, N. Pichoff, O. Piquet, Th. Plaisant
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

CEA is committed to delivering a Medium Energy Beam Transfer line and a superconducting linac (SCL) for SARAF accelerator in order to accelerate 5 mA beam of either protons from 1.3 MeV to 35 MeV or deuterons from 2.6 MeV to 40 MeV. The SCL consists in four cryomodules. The first cryomodule hosts 6 half-wave resonator (HWR) low beta cavities (β = 0.09) at 176 MHz. The low-beta cavities were qualified in 2021, as well as the power couplers and frequency tuners. The Low-Level RF (LLRF) system was qualified in 2022 with a dedicated test stand. This contribution will present the results of the RF tests of the first SARAF cryomodule at Saclay.

Poster MOPMB056 [1.437 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB056

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Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 14 July 2023

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MOPMB057

Implementation of the Test Bench for the PIP-II LB650 Cryomodules at CEA

243

H. Jenhani, N. Bazin, Q. Bertrand, P. Brédy, L. Maurice, O. Piquet, P. Sahuquet, C. Simon
CEA-IRFU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. As a part of the French In-Kind Contributions to this project, CEA will provide ten 650 MHz low-beta cryomodules (LB650) equipped with LASA-INFN (Italy) and VECC-DAE (India) cavities and Fermilab power couplers and RF tuning systems. CEA is accordingly in charge of the design, manufacturing, assembly and testing of these cryomodules. This paper presents the future implementation of the test stand dedicated to the cryogenic and RF power testing of the LB650 cryomodules. The choice of the equipment and the current status will be detailed, as well.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB057

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Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 05 July 2023

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MOPMB058

Summary of the Superconducting Rf Measurements in AMTF Hall at DESY

248

M. Wiencek, K. Kasprzak, D. Kostin, D. Reschke, L. Steder
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The AMTF (Accelerator Module Test Facility) in DESY was built for the tests of all superconducting cavities and cryomodules for the EuXFEL linac. After successful commissioning of the EuXFEL, the AMTF has been adapted in order to perform SRF (super conducting radio frequency) measurements of cavities and accelerating modules for different projects. Several SRF cavities related projects are still ongoing, while other were just finished. Some of those projects are dedicated to test components for the infrastructure of accelerators which are under construction, while the other ones are devoted to new R&D paths aiming for cavities and modules with high performance which are under investigation at DESY. This paper describes present activities performed at AMTF with special emphasis on performing SRF measurements for the ongoing cavities production. Most of the presented data is related to vertical cryostat cavity testing. However, some data about cryomodules and a new coupler test stand will be shown as well. Detailed statistics about the number of vertical tests performed within the last two years are also presented.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB058

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Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2023

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MOPMB063

Multipacting Processing in Cryomodules for LCLS-II and LCLS-II-HE

259

A.T. Cravatta, T.T. Arkan, D. Bafia, J.A. Kaluzny, S. Posen
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, D. Gonnella, J. Hogan, J.T. Maniscalco, J. Nelson, R.D. Porter, L.M. Zacarias
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
M.A. Drury, H. Vennekate
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.
Multipacting (MP) is a phenomenon which can affect stability in particle accelerators and limit performance in superconducting radio frequency cavities. In the TESLA shaped, 1.3 GHz, 9-cell cavities used in the LCLS-II (L2) and LCLS-II-HE (HE) projects, the MP-band (~17-24 MV/m) lies within the required accelerating gradients. For HE, the operating gradient of 20.8 MV/m lies well within the MP-band and cryomodule testing has confirmed that this is an issue. As such, MP processing for the HE cryomodule test program will be discussed. Early results on MP processing in cryomodules installed in the L2 linac will also be presented, demonstrating that the methods used in cryomodule acceptance testing are also successful at conditioning MP in the accelerator and that this processing is preserved in the mid-term.

Poster MOPMB063 [1.066 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB063

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Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 27 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2023

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MOPMB065

Design Status of BCC Cryomodule for LCLS-II HE

263

C.S. Narug, T.T. Arkan, S. Cheban, M. Chen, B.D. Hartsell, J.A. Kaluzny, V.S. Kashikhin, Y.M. Orlov
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

Funding: This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics.
A Buncher or Capture Cavity (BCC) Cryomodule is currently in development at Fermilab for use in a second injector for LCLS-II-HE. The BCC Cryomodule is designed to contain one 1.3 GHz cavity and one solenoid magnet as part of a 100MeV low emittance injector. The design considerations for the Cryomodule are similar to the LCLS-II cryomodule with additional requirements to account for additional vacuum loading at the end of this vessel due to the termination of the insulating vacuum. To accomplish this design, the cryomodule is being developed using the experience gained during the development of the LCLS-II cryomodule. The design, analysis, and status of the Cryomodule will be discussed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB065

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Received ※ 18 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 13 July 2023

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MOPMB067

Design of a Cathode Insertion and Transfer System for LCLS-II-HE SRF Gun

267

R. Xiang, A. Arnold, S. Gatzmaga, A. Hoffmann, P. Murcek, R. Steinbrück, J. Teichert
HZDR, Dresden, Germany
C. Adolphsen, J. Smedley
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
W. Hartung, S.H. Kim, T.K. Konomi, S.J. Miller, L. Popielarski, K. Saito, T. Xu
FRIB, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
M.P. Kelly, T.B. Petersen
ANL, Lemont, Illinois, USA
J.W. Lewellen
LANL, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Funding: Work supported by cooperation project between MSU and HZDR RC113062 from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under Cooperative Agreement DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Superconducting radio frequency photo injectors (SRF gun) offer advantages for operating in continuous wave (CW) mode and generating high-brightness and high-current beams. A new SRF gun is designed as a low emittance photo injector for LCLS-II-HE and a prototype gun is currently being developed under collaboration between SLAC, FRIB, HZDR and ANL. The aim is to demonstrate stable CW operation at a cathode gradient of 30 MV/m. One of the crucial component for successful SRF gun operation is the photocathode system. The new SRF gun will adopt the HZDR-type cathode, which includes a cathode holder fixture (cathode stalk) developed by FRIB and a sophisticated cathode exchange system designed by HZDR. This innovative cathode insertion system ensures accurate, particle-free and warm cathode exchanges. A novel alignment process targets the cathode to the stalk axis without touching cathode plug itself. To commission the prototype gun, metallic cathodes will be used. A specifically designed vacuum system ensures vacuum pressure of 10^-9 mbar for transport of a single cathode from the cleanroom to the gun. Thus maintaining cathode quality.

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB067

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Received ※ 18 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 18 July 2023

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MOPMB068

Loading Test of Hom Dampers for Superconducting Cavities for High Current at Superkekb

271

T. Okada, K. Akai, T. Furuya, S. Mitsunobu, Y. Morita, M. Nishiwaki
KEK, Ibaraki, Japan

SuperKEKB is an e⁻e⁺ collider, which is an upgraded accelerator of KEKB with the aim to increase the luminosity by more than one order. The superconducting cavities are used in the electron ring. The superconducting cavities were designed as a HOM-damped structure for KEKB and were operated up to 1.4 A in KEKB. However, the design storage current of the electron ring for SuperKEKB is 2.6 A, which is about twice the achievement current of KEKB. The HOM power is estimated to increase from 16 kW, which is the performance value in KEKB, to over 35 kW. This large load is unacceptable for the ferrite HOM dampers mounted on both sides of the cavity. As a countermeasure, duct type SiC HOM dampers are inserted between the cavities. The HOM damper load tests were performed during normal beam operation with a maximum current of 1.1 A. The load on the downstream ferrite HOM damper decreased due to the HOM power absorbed by the upstream SiC damper. In addition, the load was found to be dependent on the beam filling pattern. We will present the results and discussion of beam tests on the loading of HOM dampers and the dependence on the beam filling pattern in SuperKEKB.

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB068

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Received ※ 18 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 30 June 2023

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MOPMB070

Development of a Non-Intrusive Leak Detection Method for SRF Linacs

275

P. Pizzol, R.L. Geng
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
R. Afanador, J.D. Mammosser, V.S. Morozov, D.M. Vandygriff
ORNL RAD, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

The SNS accelerator has been vital in delivering high-impact research for the world scientific community since 2006, with an availability of 99%. This high availability rate is crucial to the success of the facility, and after 16 years of operations, the aging of the components could start to impact this parameter. To mitigate this, condi-tion-based maintenance can be applied to areas of the LINAC to reduce or nullify the possibility of unwanted events that may damage the accelerator functionality. In this work, we describe the development of a non-intrusive leak detection methodology that verifies the health condition of the cryomodule isolation gate valve seals. In case of a sudden vacuum leak in a warm section between the cryomodules, these valves act as a final line of defense to protect the SRF cavities from atmosphere gases contamination, hence knowing their sealing integ-rity condition is paramount. Data taken from the ma-chine during different maintenance periods will be pre-sented, together with the analysis done, to verify the robustness of the numerical method vs. the experimental findings.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB070

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Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 27 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 02 July 2023

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MOPMB072

LCLS-II-HE Cavity Qualification Testing

279

J.T. Maniscalco, S. Aderhold, M. Checchin, D. Gonnella, J. Hogan, R.D. Porter
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA
T.T. Arkan, D. Bafia, A.T. Cravatta, J.A. Kaluzny, S. Posen
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
M.E. Bevins, A.J. Grabowski, C.E. Reece, H. Vennekate
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA

Acceptance testing of the LCLS-II-HE production cavities is approximately 65% complete. In this report, we present details of the test results, including summaries of the quench fields, intrinsic quality factors, and experience with field emission. We also offer an outlook on the remaining tests to be performed.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB072

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Received ※ 20 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2023

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MOPMB074

Cryomodule Storage for LCLS-II HE

282

D.A. White, M. Checchin, D. Gonnella, J. Hogan, J.T. Maniscalco, R.D. Porter
SLAC, Menlo Park, California, USA

Funding: U.S. Department of Energy
The Linac Coherent Light Source-II High Energy (LCLS-II HE) project will upgrade the superconducting LCLS-II with 23 additional cryomodules, increasing the beam energy from 4 GeV to 8 GeV. Due to the user schedule of the existing linac, Cryomodules arriving at SLAC cannot immediately be installed in the linac. They are scheduled to be stored for up to three years before the 12-month installation window. During this storage period, the risk of damage to Cryomodules prior to installation will be mitigated with procedures and best practices incorporating experience from LCLS-II.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB074

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Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 28 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 03 July 2023 — Issue date ※ 10 July 2023

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MOPMB075

Provision of High Beta Cavities for European Spallation Source by UKRI-STFC Daresbury Laboratory

286

A.E. Wheelhouse, A.E.T. Akintola, A.J. Blackett-May, M.J. Ellis, S. Hitchen, P.C. Hornickel, C.R. Jenkins, P.A. McIntosh, K.J. Middleman, S.M. Pattalwar, M.D. Pendleton, J.O.W. Poynton, I.M. Skachko, P.A. Smith, S. Wilde
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
M. Lowe, D.A. Mason, G. Miller, J. Mutch, A. Oates, N. Templeton, J.T.G. Wilson
STFC/DL, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
D. Reschke, L. Steder, M. Wiencek
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

As part of the requirement for the European Spallation Source (ESS) facility in Lund, Sweden, a project has been undertaken by Accelerator Science and Technology Cen-tre (ASTeC) as part of a UK In Kind Contribution to pro-vide 84 704 MHz High-Beta superconducting RF cavities. The project has included the procurement of niobium and the testing of cavities at Daresbury Laboratory and Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), in prepara-tion for integration into the cryomodules which is being performed at Commissariat à l¿Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, France. To date all the cavities have been manufactured in industry apart from the final cavity and 3 cavities remain to be tested. An overview of the experiences for the provision of these cavities is described.

Poster MOPMB075 [1.428 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB075

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Received ※ 16 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 08 July 2023

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MOPMB078

Design and Prototyping of the Electron Ion Collider Electron Storage Ring SRF Cavity

293

J. Guo, E.F. Daly, E. Drachuk, R.R. Fernandes, J. Henry, J. Matalevich, G.-T. Park, R.A. Rimmer, D. Savransky
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
D. Holmes, K.S. Smith, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman
BNL, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics under contract DE-AC05-06OR23177
Among the EIC¿s numerous RF subsystems, the electron storage ring¿s (ESR) 591 MHz fundamental RF system is one of the most challenging. Each cavity in the system will handle up to 2.5 A of beam current and supply up to 600 kW beam power under a wide range of voltage. The EIC R&D plan includes the design, fabrication and testing of such a cavity. In this paper, we will report the latest status and findings of the ongoing design and prototyping of this cavity, including the RF and mechanical/thermal design, fabrication design, and the progress of fabrication.

Poster MOPMB078 [1.489 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB078

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Received ※ 12 June 2023 — Revised ※ 26 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 28 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 July 2023

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MOPMB080

Dedicate SRF Cryomodule Test Facilities for S3FEL

298

H. Li, C.F. He
Institute of Advanced Science Facilities, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
X.L. Wang, W.M. Yue, W.Q. Zhang
IASF, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

Shenzhen Superconducting Soft-X-Ray Free Electron Laser (S3FEL) has been proposed to build a continuous wave (CW) superconducting linear accelerator and produce FEL in the soft X-ray wavelength region. The proposed S3FEL LINAC consists of twenty-eight SRF cryomodules to accelerate beam energy up to 2.5 GeV. Prior to the cryomodules installed in the tunnel, SRF cavities and cryomodules will be conditioned and tested at a delicate SRF Cryomodule Test Facility (SMTF).The SMTF for S3FEL is currently under design which equipped with two vertical cryostats and three horizontal test benches. R&D work for the SMTF and its corresponding cryomodule assembly procedure is now on going. This paper describes the full set of layout design and implementation of the SMTF for S3FEL project as well as its latest status.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-MOPMB080

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Received ※ 19 June 2023 — Revised ※ 24 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 27 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2023

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TUIAA02

The FLASH 2020+ Upgrade Project

354

M. Vogt, E. Ferrari, C. Gerth, K. Honkavaara, J. Rönsch-Schulenburg, L. Schaper, S. Schreiber, J. Zemella
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

FLASH, the Soft X-Ray and Extreme-UV Free Electron Laser at DESY, is undergoing a substantial upgrade and refurbishment project, called FLASH2020+. The project will finally enable external seeded and SASE FEL operation for a wavelength range down to 4 nm with the EEHG method. A key ingredient of the upgrade was replacing two early TTF-type L-band RF cryo accelerator modules by modern, high-gradient XFEL-type ones. The beam energy range of the injector has been increased by 100 MeV. This was achieved in the first of two long shutdowns from November 2021 to August 2022. The energy increase together with an afterburner APPLE III type undulator for variable circular polarization in the FLASH2 beamline will make it possible to reach the oxygen K-edge (530 eV). This talk will report on the project and the first shutdown with emphasis on the upgraded modules.

Slides TUIAA02 [15.921 MB]

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-TUIAA02

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Received ※ 21 June 2023 — Revised ※ 23 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 26 June 2023 — Issue date ※ 07 July 2023

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TUCAA02

EIC Project Overview and Related SRF Technologies

E.F. Daly, J. Guo, R.A. Rimmer
JLab, Newport News, Virginia, USA
Z.A. Conway, D. Holmes, Q. Wu, B.P. Xiao, W. Xu, A. Zaltsman
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
S.U. De Silva, J.R. Delayen
ODU, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
K.S. Smith
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Electron-Ion Collider, Upton, New York, USA

Funding: This is authored by Jefferson Science Associate, LLC under U. S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177.
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), with a range of center-of-mass energies from 20 to 140 GeV, will enable experimental nuclear physics in the gluon-dominated regime with luminosity up to 10³⁴ cm² per second. The project chose to employ SRF technology for several accelerating and crab cavity geometries used throughout the accelerator complex to achieve the EIC¿s energy and luminosity goals. This presentation will review the current status of the EIC, the SRF technology used in the accelerator complex and current status of SRF R&D. The discussion will share EIC’s fundamental high-power coupler design & performance, high-power HOM power handling hardware, SRF elliptical and crab cavity designs and recent experimental results.

Slides TUCAA02 [3.784 MB]

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THCAA02

Commissioning of the UHH Quadrupole Resonator at DESY

952

SUSPB045

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

WEPWB074

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

R. Monroy-Villa, W. Hillert, M. Wenskat
University of Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Hamburg, Germany
A. Gössel, D. Reschke, M. Röhling, M. Schmökel, J.H. Thie, M. Wiencek
DESY, Hamburg, Germany
C. Martens
University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Funding: This work was supported by the BMBF under the research grants 05H18GURB1, 05K19GUB and 05H2021.
Pushing the limits of the accelerating field or quality factor of SRF cavities beyond pure Nb requires the implementation of specific inner surface treatments, which are yet to be studied and optimized. One of the fundamental challenges in exploring alternative materials is that only samples or cavity cuts can be fully characterized from a material point of view. On the other hand, complete cavities allow for the SRF characterization of the inner surface, while samples can usually only be analyzed using DC methods. To address this problem, a test resonator for samples, called "Quadrupole Resonator", was designed and operated at CERN and later at HZB. It allows for a full RF characterization of samples at frequencies of 0.42 GHz, 0.86 GHz, and 1.3 GHz, within a temperature range of 2-20 K and at magnetic fields up to 120 mT. This work presents the design process, which incorporated improvements motivated by mechanical and RF studies and experience, and the results from both warm and cold commissioning are discussed. More important, the results for the RF tests of a Nb sample after undergoing a series of heat treatments and an outlook of the further usage of the QPR is presented.

Slides THCAA02 [6.677 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ doi:10.18429/JACoW-SRF2023-THCAA02

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Received ※ 25 June 2023 — Revised ※ 29 June 2023 — Accepted ※ 19 August 2023 — Issue date ※ 19 August 2023

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